Author :
Abstract
Dilin gizemini koruyan, tartışmalara ve deneylere konu olan önemli bir yönü de “edinildiği” veya “öğrenildiği” dönemdir. Bazı bilim ve fikir adamlarına göre insanoğlu, dili öğrenmeye anne karnında başlar ve doğumdan sonra uzun süre öğrenme devam eder. Bir kısım araştırmacıya göre ise “kritik yaş eşiği” denen bir dönem vardır. Bu dönem beş veya altı yaşına kadar devam eder. Kritik yaş eşiği konusunda önemli çalışmaları olan Lenneberg, insanın dili iki yaşından itibaren edinmeye başladığını ve ergenlik civarında sürecin sona erdiğini ileri sürer. Bu konuda ortaya atılmış bir birini reddeden veya tamamlayan pek çok farklı hipotez vardır. Bu çalışmada, ileri sürülen bazı hipotezlerin ışığında şu soruların cevabı arandı. Dil ediniminde veya öğreniminde kritik bir dönem veya eşik var mıdır? Eğer varsa, kritik yaş eşiğinin ana dilini edinmede önemi nedir? Bazı bilim adamlarının iddia ettiği gibi kritik yaş eşiği beş yaşına kadar mı devam eder? Belli bir yaştan sonra çocuklar ve yetişkinler dil öğrenemez mi? Kritik yaş eşiği bazılarının iddia etiğinin aksine, daha uzun bir süreci kapsamaz mı? Dil de bir öğrenme eylemi olduğuna göre, insan her yaşta dil öğrenemez mi? Bu sorulara cevap vermek için dil bilimi, tıp ve zihin bilim çalışmalarında ileri sürülen görüşlerden kuramsal altyapı oluşturacak şekilde faydalanıldı.
Keywords
Abstract
Another important aspect of language, which remains mysterious and is subject to discussions and experiments, is the period in which it is "acquired" or "learned". According to some researchers, human beings begin to learn language in the womb and learning continues for a long time after birth. According to some, there is a period called "critical age threshold". This period continues until the age of five or six. Lenneberg, who has important studies on the critical age threshold, argues that people begin to acquire language from the age of two and the process ends around adolescence. There are many different hypotheses that have been put forward in this regard, which either reject or complement each other. In this study, answers to the following questions were sought in the light of some hypotheses put forward. Is there a critical period or threshold in language acquisition or learning? If so, what is the significance of the critical age threshold in first language acquisition? Does the critical age threshold continue until the age of five, as some scientists claim? Can't children and adults learn languages after a certain age? Doesn't the critical age threshold encompass a longer period, as some claim? Since language is also an act of learning, can't a person learn a language at any age? In this study, critical age threshold hypotheses were discussed in the light of these questions. For this, the views put forward in the studies of medicine and mental science, especially linguistics, were used to create a theoretical infrastructure.
Keywords
- Altınörs, A. (2012). Dile davranışçı yaklaşımlara Chomsky’nin itirazı üzerine. Karadeniz Dergisi, 14, 65-90.
- Aydın, B. (2014). Gelişimin doğası. İçinde B. Yeşilyaprak (Ed.), Eğitim Psikolojisi Gelişim ve Öğrenme (pp. 29-55), Pegem Akademi.
- Bailey, D. B., Bruer, J. T., Symons, F. J., & Lichtman, J.W. (Eds.) (2001). Critical Thinking about Critical Periods. Paul H. Brookes.
- Bialystok, E., & Hakuta, K. (1994). In other words: The psychology and science of second language acquisition. Basic Books.
- Birdsong, D. (2006). Age and second language acquisition and processing: A selective overview. Language Learning, 56, 9-49.
- Bruer, J. & Greenough, W. T. (2001). The subtle science of how experience affects the brain. In D. B. Bailey (Ed.), Critical Thinking Abouth Critical Periods (pp. 209-232). Paul H Brookes.
- Chomsky, Noam (2009). Bilgi sorunları ve dil: Managua dersleri (Çev.: Veysel Kılıç). Bgst Yayınları.
- Chomsky, Noam (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. The MIT Press.
- Dekeyser, R.; Shabtay, I. A.; Ravid, D. (2010). Cross-linguistic evidence for the nature of age effects in l2 acquisition. Applied linguistics, 31, 413-438.
- Deoni, S. C. L., Douglas, C. D., Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh, H. D., & Beth, A. (2012). Jerskey investigating white matter development in infancy and early childhood using myelin water faction and relaxation time mapping. Neuroimage, 63(3), 1038-53.
- Durand, J. & Laks, B. (2002). Phonetics, phonology and cognition. Oxford University Press.
- Eagleman, D. (2015). The brain: The story of you. Vintage Books.
- Eubank, L. & Gregg, K. R. (1999). Critical periods and language acquisition: divide et ımpera. In D. Birdsong (Ed.), Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis (65-199). L. Erlbaum.
- Flege, J. E. (1999). Age of learning and second language speech. In D. Birdsong (Ed.), Second language acquisition and the critical period hypothesis (101-131). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Hakuta, K., Ellen, B., & Edward, W. (2003). Critical evidence: A test of the critical- period hypothesis for second-language acquisition. Psychological Science, 14(1), 30-38
- Heo, J., Han, S., Koch, C., & Aydin, H. (2011). Piaget’s egocentrism and language lear- ning: Language egocentrism (le) and language differentiation (LD). Journal of language teaching and research,. 2(4), 733-739.
- Herschensohn, J. (2007). Language development and age. Cambridge University Press.
- Hill, J. (1972). On the evolutionary foundations of language. American anthropologist, 74 (3), 308-317.
- Johnson, J. S. (1992). Critical period effect of written versus auditory materials in the assessment of grammatical competence. Language learning, 42, 217-248.
- Johnson, J. S.& Newport, E. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: the ınfluence of maturational state on the acquisition of a second language. Cognitive psychology, 21(1), 60-99.
- Krashen, S. (1975). The critical period for language acquisition and its possible bases. Annals of the new york academy of sciences, 263, 211-224.
- Lenneberg, E. (1967). Biological foundations of language. Wiley.
- Lightbown, P. M. & Spada, N. (2013). How languages are learned (4 b.). Oxford Univer- sity Press.
- Long, M. H. (2007). Problems in SLA. Routledge.
- Loewen, S. & Reinders, H. (2011). Key concepts in second language acquisition. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. John Wiley & Sons.
- Muñoz, C. & Singleton, D. (2011). A critical review of age-related research on l2 ultima- te attainment. Language teaching, 44(1), 1-3.
- Müldür, F. (2016). Noam Chomsky’de üretici dilbilgisi: Derin yapı ve yüzey yapı ayrı- mı. Kaygı Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, 27, 59-74.
- Ortega, L. (2013). Understanding second language acquisition, New York: Routledge.
- Oyama, S. (1976). A sensitive period for the acquisition of a nonnative phonologicalsys- tem. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 5, 261-285.
- Paradis, M. (1999). What bilingual aphasia tells us about language processing in the unilingual brain. In J. Argenter (Ed.), Language, brain and behavior (pp. 77-85). Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
- Patkowski, M. (1994). The critical age hypothesis and ınterlanguage phonology. In M. Yavas (Ed.), First and second language phonology (205–221). Singular Publishing Group.
- Penfield, W. & Roberts, L. (1959). Speech and brain mechanisms. Princeton University Press.
- Pinker, S. & Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 707-784
- Pinker, S. (1995). The language ınstinct. Harper Collins Book.
- Robertson, P. (2002). The critical age hypothesis: A critique of research methodology. Asian EFL Journal. 4 (1), 4-25.
- Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Scott, J. P. (1978). Critical periods. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company.
- Scovel, T. (1988.). A time to speak: A psycholinguistic ınquiry ınto the critical period for hu- man speech. Newbury House.
- Singleton, D. & Lengyel, Z. (Eds.) (1995). The age factor in second language acquisition: A critical look at the critical period hypothesis. Multilingual Matters.
- Singleton, D. (2005). The critical period hypothesis: A coat of many colours. Internatio- nal Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 43(4), 269-285.
- Stockard, C. R. (1978). Developmental rate and structural expression: an experimental study of twins, ‘‘double monsters’’ and single deformities and the ınteraction among embryonic organs during their origin and development. In J. P. Scott (Eds.), Critical periods. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company.
- Tallal, P., Miller, S. L ., Bedi, G., Byma, G., Wang, X ., Nagarajan, S. S., Schreiner, C., Jenkins, W. M., & Merzenich, M. M. (1996). Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science, 271(5245), 81-84.
- Trask, R. L. (1999). Key concepts in language and linguistics. Routledge.
- Vyshedskiy, A., Mahapatra, S., & Dunn, R. (2017). Linguistically deprived children: meta-analysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes. 3: e20696. doi:10.3897/rio.3.e20696.
