The Journal of Kesit Academy, Year 2025 Issue 44

Perception of Terrorism After the September 11 Attacts and the USA Fear Appeal Propaganda Efforts Purpose

Mehmet Berk DENİZSumru KALELİ — 2026-07-16

Understanding the impact of the September 11, 2001, attacks perpetrated by Al-Qaeda in the United States is crucial for grasping the landscape of contemporary international relations. This study examines the rhetorical and propaganda processes that shaped the aftermath of these attacks within the context of fear appeal. For this purpose, we analyze the speeches delivered by then-President George W. Bush at the United Nations General Assembly. This study analyzes how propaganda is employed through fear appeals in the US's post-September 11 foreign policy discourse. The analyzed speeches are limited to speeches delivered to the United Nations General Assembly during George W. Bush's presidency (2000-2008). Critical discourse analysis is used as the research method. In the study, the analyzed speeches were examined under three headings (elements) when evaluated in the context of fear appeal. These were: 1) The threat of terrorism concerns all nations, and nations that do not participate in the fight against terrorism or support terrorism will pay the price; 2) the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their fall into the hands of terrorists; and 3) Iraq's development of weapons of mass destruction, long-range missiles, and nuclear weapons, and its support for terrorism, thus threatening regional stability and the world. An examination of his speeches reveals that Bush reshaped the perception of terrorism, emphasizing that all nations can confront it head-on. His emphasis on a civilized nation aimed to marginalize (or demonize) terrorists and their supporters. He also employed the Taliban in Afghanistan and Saddam Hussein in Iraq as examples of deterrence, emphasizing that this would be the end for those who support terrorism. Furthermore, Bush used historical analogies to legitimize his planned intervention by claiming Iraq had failed to comply with its commitments regarding its possession of weapons of mass destruction, thus leveraging the fear appeal to legitimize his interventions.

A Building in Karaköy with a Facade Designed in Art Nouveau and Neo-Baroque Style: Hezaren Han

Ali Murat AKTEMUR — 2026-07-16

The architect of Hezaren Han, located on Voyvoda (Banks) Street in the Karaköy/Galata district of Istanbul, dated 1903, is Alexandre Vallaury. The structure, which has been owned by various companies and organizations throughout history, has a five-story architectural structure. The southwest and northeast facades of the structure are open, while the northwest and southeast facades are closed because they are adjacent to neighboring buildings. The facade that gives the structure its architectural character in terms of façade arrangement is the southwest facade opening onto Voyvoda (Banks) Street. The main axis of symmetry of the structure is the bay window rising from the first floor to the roof. Different window arrangements on each floor, including the right and left wings of the bay window, draw attention. Window forms, pediments, rosettes, cartridges and eave arrangements give the façade a rich ostentation. Neo-Baroque consoles with Corinthian-style plasters and volute-shaped and acanthus leaf motifs, Art Nouveau-style ornaments created from the synthesis of geometric and plant motifs give the façade a dynamic appearance. The extremely plastic protrusion of the profiled round arch pediments of the windows forward, the rosettes on the pediment panels breaking the pediments at their key points, and the pediment applications with broken ends ending in volutes at the resulting key points with broken lines, bring to mind Neo-Baroque façade elements. It is not clear whether the motifs processed in the middle of the extremely bulging cartridges on the surface of the window pediment panels and framed with natural plant motifs are insects or plants. The ornaments, the type of which is not fully understood, consisting of the synthesis and stylization of insect and plant motifs in nature, reflect the main character of the Art Nouveau style. Hezaren Han is one of the most important examples of architecture where Neobaroque and Art Nouveau architectural styles are applied together.

Main Types of Musical Texture and Their Functions

Ayna İSABABAYEVA APAYDIN — 2026-07-16

A musical work is, first of all, a text that can be written down, read and interpreted. Text in Latin means “connection”, “fabric”, which conveys the essence of this term - the unification of individual signs to convey certain information. Just like any other text, a musical text contains signs (notes and auxiliary symbols), which, being in certain relationships, create a certain meaning. In a musical text, signs can relate to each other both sequentially (vertically) and simultaneously (horizontally). With only a sequential relationship, the musical texture is monophonic (monophony). When signs are added vertically to the horizontal line of the text, the music becomes polyphonic (in the broad sense). Depending on the nature of the sound lines of the text and their hierarchy, the musical texture can acquire different properties: homophonic, heterophonic, polyphonic, etc. This work examines the concepts of musical text, musical texture, as horizontal and vertical systems of signs in their relationship and provides examples of various types of musical texture on samples of musical material related to different eras and genres.

Urban and Architectural Design Approaches in the Spatial Regeneration of Ambarlı Köyiçi

Semih Göksel YILDIRIM — 2026-07-16

This study aims to evaluate the strategies for the spatial improvement of Ambarlı Köyiçi, located in the Avcılar district of Istanbul, through architecture graduation projects. The research analyzes nine selected student projects developed during the 2025 spring semester studio, chosen based on specific academic criteria. Methodologically, a qualitative analysis was conducted using six evaluation criteria derived from relevant literature and precedent projects: multi-scalar analysis, continuity of public space, identity and cultural integration, social space configuration, climate- and environment-responsive design, and building mass and street relationship. The findings indicate that graduation studio projects serve not only as academic design exercises but also as valuable tools for generating applicable and strategic ideas for local governments. The projects demonstrated particularly strong performance in the areas of multi-scalar analysis and public space continuity, while climate and environmental sensitivity emerged as a relatively weaker aspect. The study also acknowledges the methodological limitations, such as potential selection bias and reliance on instructor's observational evaluations, and proposes the use of multi-evaluator frameworks for future research. Ultimately, this study offers a model that contributes to sustainable urban transformation policies through architectural education outputs and provides a practice-oriented reference framework by integrating theoretical foundations with design-based processes for local authorities.

The Reflections of Social Tourism in Türkiye’s National Policy Documents

Nail HOŞCAN Erkan TÜRKSEVEN — 2026-07-16

The primary objective of this study is to explore how social tourism is positioned and functions within Türkiye’s national policy documents. Since social tourism first emerged as a concept in the 1950s, it has evolved alongside a range of contextual developments, including the global expansion of mass tourism, transformations in welfare state structures, neoliberal economic reforms, and the increasing prominence of sustainability concerns. In countries where social tourism has been formally incorporated into public policy, its advantages are consistently highlighted, and it is strategically embedded within broader planning processes. These international trends have notably influenced the direction and priorities of national tourism policies in Türkiye. In line with broader goals to stimulate tourism development, governments have embraced social tourism not only to promote domestic tourism but also to enhance inclusivity and broaden participation. Consequently, early initiatives often positioned social tourism as both an instrument and an objective, reflecting an egalitarian perspective in tourism planning. Within this framework, social tourism in Türkiye has been largely shaped by supply-side policies that emphasise investment in tourism-related infrastructure. Nevertheless, demand-side measures—such as direct and indirect financial support for individuals—have also been implemented, albeit to a more limited extent. To trace the evolution of social tourism in Türkiye, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of national policy documents using a document analysis methodology. Drawing on both academic literature and official governmental sources, the study critically reviews key policy instruments, including the Development Plans, the Tourism Strategy of Türkiye 2023, and the 2007–2013 Action Plan.

Interactive Design Applications in Cultural Heritage Sites: The Arslantepe Mound Example

Özge KAYAKader SÜRMELİ — 2026-07-16

In today’s design understanding, the most distinctive feature is undoubtedly the inclusion of the user in the work itself. This design approach, referred to as interactive design, has been applied across a wide range of fields. In the context of cultural heritage, this method has become increasingly significant in the visualization and digital representation of historical elements. Furthermore, within the scope of visual arts, interactive design emerges as an approach that enriches the aesthetic experience and establishes a new form of communication between the audience and the work. This article examines the role of interactive design in cultural heritage sites through the example of Arslantepe Mound. Interactive design offers visitors opportunities for orientation, information transfer, engagement with space, and integration with visual narrative elements, thereby enabling a more meaningful experience of historical sites. The study discusses how interactive design applications can be utilized in significant archaeological contexts such as Arslantepe. As part of the research, a prototype has been developed, and examples of interactive design have been presented.

Innovative Approaches in Fashion Design Education

Nurdan KUMAŞ ŞENOL — 2026-07-16

The technological transformation occurring on a global scale, the climate crisis, demands for gender equality, and processes of digitalization are directly affecting fashion design education as well. Today's fashion education is evolving from a structure that only teaches technical skills to a multifaceted structure that includes competencies such as problem-solving, ethical production, interdisciplinary collaboration, and digital literacy. In short, fashion design education is undergoing a transformation along with rapidly changing technological and socio-cultural conditions. This transformation has also brought innovative approaches in many areas, from teaching methods to content planning. The digital transformation occurring in the fashion industry is also transforming the education system. The integration of digital technologies in fashion design education accelerates learning processes and supports sustainable production models. This study discusses the reconfiguration of fashion education, moving away from its traditional structure towards digitalization, sustainability, interdisciplinarity, and experiential learning. Additionally, the contributions of these innovative approaches to student skills, teaching methods, and sustainability have been evaluated, and proposed projects have been included.

Sümerbank and Lâdik Carpets in the Republican Period

Mehmet DOĞAN — 2026-07-16

This study explores the relationship between economic development and the preservation of cultural heritage during Turkey's industrialization process, examining Sümerbank's influence on Lâdik carpet weaving. Lâdik carpets are traditional handicrafts of high technical mastery and aesthetic value, combining the elegant and natural motifs of Ottoman palace prayer rugs with compositions and color schemes unique to the Konya region. In this study, five original carpets procured from hand-woven carpet makers operating in various provinces of Turkey were examined in terms of their color palette, motif diversity, weaving and knotting techniques, material properties, and weaving density. Evaluations of the carpets' production processes, historical contexts, and pattern understanding reveal the cultural and artistic significance of these works. The research utilized a combination of Sümerbank archives, periodical documents, academic publications, and field observations. The findings demonstrate that the industrial policies implemented by Sümerbank, particularly in the early years of the Republic, played a critical role in preserving traditional carpet weaving and integrating it with modern production standards. The workshops established by Sümerbank ensured technical standardization, improved product quality, and provided local producers with access to both domestic and international markets. Consequently, Lâdik carpets, whose production has significantly diminished today, continue to demonstrate the importance of Anatolian handicrafts with their aesthetic, technical, and cultural values. In this context, Sümerbank's historical contributions can be considered exemplary practices for documenting and preserving this endangered craft tradition.

Ancient Medicine In Behistî Ahmed's Iskendernâme

Mustafa YİĞİT — 2026-07-16

This study examines Behiştî Ahmed Sinan's İskendernâme, a 5781-couplet mathnawi penned in the early 16th century, focusing on its reflections of ancient medical understanding. Beyond a mere narrative of Alexander's conquests and heroism, the work gains cultural and ideological depth through its descriptions of Istanbul's palaces and significant structures. It particularly stands out with health advice offered to Alexander through the words of Hippocrates. This section reveals the medical knowledge and the fundamental principle of the body's balance based on the humoral pathology theory prevalent in that era. The advice includes practical health guidelines, such as the harms of overeating and other excesses. The study also evaluates the relationship between Behiştî's medical references in the work and sources from the Islamic medical tradition (like Avicenna, Rhazes) and Prophetic Medicine (Tıbbü'n-Nebevî). Thus, İskendernâme is regarded as a significant source demonstrating how the era's rational and spiritual medical perspectives were harmonized in a literary form.

The Etymology Of The Deverbal Nominal Suffix -gAk In Old Turkish

Mustafa AY — 2026-07-16

In this study, the etymological structure of the suffix -gAk, which derives nouns from verb roots and stems in Old Turkic, is examined. While the origins of suffixes in the Turkish affix system generally rely on structures derived from roots, it is known that some suffixes have formed over time through compound constructions. In this context, it is argued that the -gAk suffix is not a simple, singular unit, but rather a compound suffix formed through the combination of three derivational suffixes: -(X)g (verb to noun), +A- (noun to verb), and -(U)k (verb to noun). In light of the presented findings, the morphological and semantic relationships between -gAk and the suffixes -(X)g and -gA- are discussed. The study emphasizes the stages of fusion through which these suffixes combined to form -gAk, and it is demonstrated that the suffix developed through the following stages: 1. [VERB-(X)g]+A-(U)k > 2. [VERB-gA-]-(U)k > 3. [VERB-gAk].

The Effect of Cartoon Aesthetics on Audience Perception in Postdramatic Theater

Memet Ali ZEREN — 2026-07-16

This study theoretically examines the impact of cartoon aesthetics, a significant tool in contemporary performance practices in recent years, on audience perception from the perspective of postdramatic theatre. Hans-Thies Lehmann’s conceptualization of postdramatic theatre proposes a theatrical language where representation tied to the dramatic text is dissolved, stage elements gain autonomy, and experience, rather than representation, is centralized. This structure re-establishes the interaction between the audience and the stage, transforming the recipient from a passive witness into an active subject of perception. In this context, cartoon aesthetics, through elements such as exaggerated gestures, stylized body use, synchronized sound-image matches, and spatiotemporal deformation, not only offer visual diversity but also assume a functional role in shaping the perceptual bond with the audience. This aesthetic orientation, particularly in performances producing visual-narrative based works like those of Miwa Matreyek, enriches the audience experience through non-narrative forms where digital body and animation intertwine. Matreyek’s works develop the audiovisual structure of staging in postdramatic theatre, while also revealing the constructive power of cartoon aesthetics within staging. This research theoretically analyzes how cartoon aesthetics gain importance not merely as a visual approach that transcends the boundaries of popular narrative approaches, but as a significant and layered form of perception in current stage techniques that ensures the audience's sensory and intellectual participation. In this context, the study aims to examine how postdramatic staging forms are redefined through a transforming audience experience via a visual aesthetic. Thus, the intersection points of cartoon aesthetics and digital performance in contemporary theatre aesthetics are made visible, and the possibilities of a new mode of spectatorship are opened for discussion.

Individual Artistic Practices Based on Postminimalist Art Approaches

Hamid Maharramov ALİOĞLUMehtap PAZARLIOĞLU BİNGÖL — 2026-07-16

In the 20th century, art underwent a transformative process in which traditional aesthetic paradigms were questioned and replaced by new forms of expression, leading to the rapid development of diverse artistic approaches. Throughout this century, art was not only limited to formal and technical transformations but was also reshaped within intellectual, cultural, and social contexts. This period of transformation gained significant momentum with the emergence of Cubism in 1907. Pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, this movement introduced a visual language that deconstructed objects and reconstructed them from multiple perspectives, challenging traditional notions of perspective and favoring formal simplicity. Following this, the Suprematist movement rejected representational reality, emphasizing pure emotion and aesthetic perception. It aimed to create a subjective experience for the viewer through fundamental geometric forms. Similarly, the De Stijl movement, founded in 1917, adopted the principles of simplicity, abstraction, and balanced composition to achieve a universal aesthetic language. The Bauhaus School, established in 1919, embraced an interdisciplinary approach that integrated art, craft, and industrial production, establishing a new balance between functionality and aesthetics. This approach left a lasting impact on architecture, design, and the plastic arts. By the 1960s, Minimalism emerged as a reaction against the intense personal expression and dramatic narratives of Abstract Expressionism, developing a visual language based on simplicity and geometric clarity. Among the prominent figures of this movement were artists such as Frank Stella, Donald Judd, and Dan Flavin.

Representations of Power and Political Domination in Aiskhylos' Tragedy of Prometheus Bound

Cem İÇYAR — 2026-07-16

Aeschylus's tragedy, Prometheus Bound, is beyond a mythological narrative and a political text about how power's methods of domination are staged. In the tragedy, Zeus's punishment of Prometheus is not merely the price of a god's rebellion, but also the power's way of shaping escapes through fear, violence, and violent control. The function of tragedy is not limited to Aristotle's term catharsis (purification). While the audience sympathizes with Prometheus's suffering, they also internalize the inevitability of obedience. The chorus's warnings reveal how power is reconstituted within society. By defining truth, power labels resistance as irrational. In ancient Athens, theater reinforced the power's cultural hegemony through structures like the horegy system. Sponsors (khoregos) financed the arts while simultaneously disseminating the power's ideology. Prometheus's life is the exile of advanced power from its monopoly, but punishment demonstrates the price of resistance. Prometheus's chains enslave not only the objective but also the liberating potential of truth. The scene of tragedy is like a field of domination by the building blocks of power's fear. Zeus's wrath exemplifies the discipline of modern regimes. Authority directs various tools, taking on the name of domination. These forms of domination are usually invisible and quite gentle. However, sometimes the whip of domination is quite harsh, capable of perpetuating society's thought while simultaneously dominating the governed. Fear and pain can become a comprehensive tool of domination. Similar practices are employed in modern authoritarian regimes. Power instrumentalizes art, reproducing fear and obedience. Prometheus Bound is an ancient prototype of this process. The work emphasizes the necessity of understanding tragedy not as a mere artistic formula, but as an instrument that legitimizes the domination of power.

Medical Graphics in Health Communication: The Power and Impact of Visual Narrative

Eda UZUN — 2026-07-16

This article examines the concept of “Graphic Medicine”, an interdisciplinary field that bridges graphic design and healthcare. It employs visual storytelling tools such as drawing, caricature, comics, and illustration to convey health-related experiences. Such communication not only enables patients to share their experiences but also helps healthcare providers, patients’ relatives, and the general public develop empathy and awareness. In addition to analyzing several successful examples in this field, the study explores the definition, theoretical foundations, and historical development of graphic medicine. It also provides insights into how visual storytelling can support the healing process.The findings suggest that graphic medicine plays a significant role in medical education, public health communication, and documenting patient experiences. With its capacity to simplify and convey complex health issues, graphic medicine is expected to become an essential component of future health communication.The term graphic medicine, conceptualized by Ian Williams, has rapidly gained international recognition; however, it has not yet found a strong academic counterpart in Turkey. This article is an extended version of the paper “Medical Graphics: The Transformative Role of Visual Narrative in Health Communication” presented at the 5th ICSAS International Congress on Social and Human Sciences.

The Examination of Thesis Studies Related to Secondary and High School Mathematics Curriculum (2000-2023)

Feleknas TEKİNElif ERTEM AKBAŞ — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to examine the postgraduate studies conducted at the doctoral and master’s levels regarding mathematics curricula in Turkey in light of different variables and to make a comprehensive evaluation. The research aims to provide an important perspective on the current state of mathematics curricula, while also aiming to contribute to future research in the field of curriculum development by identifying trends in existing thesis studies. Within this scope, a total of 113 postgraduate studies accessible from YÖK (Council of Higher Education National Thesis Center) between the years 2000 and 2023 have been examined. A total of 113 theses, including 14 doctoral and 99 master's theses, were subjected to a detailed analysis process. The contents of the theses were examined in line with the determined criteria, and the findings obtained were organized and interpreted in table format using Microsoft Excel software. During the data collection and analysis stages of the research process, document review was used; the data were systematically evaluated using the descriptive analysis technique. The findings showed that the highest number of theses were completed in the years 2019 and 2022. It was determined that most of the examined theses were at the master’s level, while the number of doctoral theses was relatively low. It was seen that most of the master’s theses were conducted at Marmara University, Hacettepe University, and Gazi University. In addition, it was determined that the qualitative research approach and survey model were frequently used in the analyzed theses. It was found that interviews, interview forms, and questionnaires were mostly used as data collection tools. The aims and results of each thesis were summarized and presented in table format, and these tables were associated with the general findings. As a result, this study offers important suggestions for the evaluation and development processes of mathematics curricula. In addition, it also presents ideas about new research areas and methodological approaches for future studies.

The Lover, the Beloved and the Rival in Raif Divançe

Ebru Hilal İSEN BEKTAŞIşılay Pınar ÖZLÜK — 2026-07-16

In classical Turkish literature, love poems feature the trio of the lover, the beloved, and the rival. These three elements are associated with specific roles and patterns. They are usually highlighted within a traditional framework with their own unique characteristics. Changes in social life during the 18th and 19th centuries also brought about some changes in the roles of the lover, beloved, and rival in love poems. Mehmed Râ’if, a poet of the 19th century, was born in Istanbul and continued his life there. Throughout his life, he held various positions in the civil service. In the examined Râ’if Divançe, it is observed that the trio of lover, beloved, and rival is highlighted through human love. In Râ’if Divançesi, the trio of lover, beloved, and rival is generally presented in an idealized manner, but it has been determined that there are also some verses that deviate from tradition. In this study, the roles and types of the lover, beloved, and rival elements in Râ’if Divançesi are evaluated and explained with examples of verses, in line with the characteristics of classical Turkish literature.

Gaslighting Manipulation for Experimental Studies

Ayşegül ÇOBANHamit COŞKUN — 2026-07-16

Gaslighting is a type of psychological manipulation that instills self-doubt and leads to confusion. The literature contains research and reviews on gaslighting conducted using various methods. Most of these studies point to the close connection between gaslighting and emotions, and to the negative consequences that can arise from gaslighting. However, no experimental studies on gaslighting have been found. The current study aimed to create a spontaneous, fictional gaslighting manipulation and test it on emotions. Two experimental studies were conducted using online (116 participants) and face-to-face (36 participants) data from Balıkesir University psychology students. As part of the manipulation, students in the experimental group were presented with concepts related to gaslighting and given a word association task, read a manipulative relationship scenario, and were asked a few related questions. No correct answer was included among the answer options. Participants in the control condition were given a word association task, presented with neutral words, read a typical relationship scenario, and were asked a few related questions. In the online study, differences were found between the gaslighting and control conditions on the following measures: anger, happiness, sadness, confusion, anxiety, desire for a relationship, relationship confidence, and relationship satisfaction. In the face-to-face study, additional differences were found in uncertainty, fear, surprise, worthlessness, distrust, disgust, and disappointment scores. In conclusion, manipulation was found to work better in person, and the findings are discussed in light of the literature.

The Contributions of the Sculptures Used in Tim Burton’s Beetlejuice to Cinematic Narrative

Tuncay KOÇAYSemih KAŞIKÇI — 2026-07-16

Tim Burton, who places Gothic and grotesque aesthetics at the center of cinematic narrative, has drawn considerable attention with his striking works. A defining element of the director’s distinctive style lies in the relational interplay established between characters, settings, and objects. Utilizing space and objects as active agents within the cinematic narrative, Burton transforms these elements into dynamic components that reflect the characters’ inner worlds, psychological tensions, and existential dilemmas, thereby enhancing the narrative’s depth. In this context, the sculptures featured in Burton’s Beetlejuice (1988) present a significant field of study in terms of their form, meaning, and contributions to the film’s content. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sculptures used in Tim Burton’s Beetlejuice from the perspective of modern sculpture, to reveal their connections with the film’s subject, cinematic language, and narrative, and to analyze their contributions to the film both visually and contextually. For this purpose, the research was conducted within the scope of a qualitative approach, employing visual analysis and comparative art history methods. The formal characteristics, aesthetic references, and psychoanalytic implications of the sculptures were examined in comparison with relevant artistic examples. The findings indicate that these sculptures, inspired by organic forms yet designed in ways that defy direct identification, are related to surrealist and biomorphic sculpture practices, bearing formal and conceptual similarities to the works of artists such as Hans Arp, Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti, and Isamu Noguchi. Moreover, these sculptures are directly associated with the film’s atmosphere and narrative integrity as secondary elements that evoke a sense of the “uncanny” in the psychoanalytic sense.

A New Perspective on Human Development: Integrating Freedom Indicators into the Human Development Index Framework

Bilal ORHANMevlüdiye ŞİMŞEK — 2026-07-16

Human development is one of the fundamental indicators of social and economic welfare and provides significant insights into the quality of economic growth. However, despite being considered a component of human development, the concept of freedom is not included in the calculations of the Human Development Index (HDI). The aim of this study is to incorporate the concept of freedom into the HDI and create a new ranking for the world's countries. The study uses 2021 HDI data and human freedom data from the “Human Freedom Index” report prepared by the Cato Institute and the Fraser Institute. Rankings generated through the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques of ARAS, MAUT, and SAW methods were combined into a unified ranking using the COPELAND method. Calculations were performed using both CRITIC and equal weighting methods. In addition to the life expectancy, education, and income variables already included in the HDI, the human freedom variable was incorporated, providing a four-dimensional perspective. Furthermore, these calculations were also conducted for the two sub-indices of human freedom: economic freedom and personal freedom. In this context, the effects of economic and personal freedoms on the changes observed with the inclusion of human freedom have also been analyzed. The results have been interpreted based on the United Nations' regional classification.

Charitable Women of Ottoman Sarajevo

Senanur KARADEMİR Mehmet DOĞAN — 2026-07-16

Sarajevo, located within the borders of the Bosnia Eyalet and serving as its capital, was conquered by Sultan Mehmed II in 1463, thus becoming a part of the Ottoman Empire. Following the appointment of Gazi Hüsrev Bey as the Sanjak Bey of Bosnia in 1521, significant urban development activities commonced in the region. The construction of mosques, madrasas, libraries, baths, and inns initiated by him greatly transformed the city's landscape in accordance with Turkish-Islamic culture. The renowned traveler Evliya Çelebi, who visited the region in the 17th century, noted in his works the similarities between Sarajevo and Istanbul, describing the city as a "small Istanbul". All these developments reinforced Ottoman dominance in Sarajevo and endowed the city with considerable significance in various aspects. Endowments (waqfs)played a crucial role in the city's development and the shaping of it's social structure. Particularly in the case of Sarajevo, it is observed that the number of waqfs established by women exceeds 70. This high number not only reflects the social and cultural dynamism of the region, but also highlights the noteworthy phenomenon of numerous waqfs being founded by women, which merits further investigation. Contrary to the prevalent perceptionof "Muslım women who do not leave their homes" or "Ottoman women with restricted freedoms" document in the archives clearly demonstrate that Ottoman women actively participated in social life. Numerous Ottoman women are found in the endowment deeds as founders, administrators and piooners of various social services, providing detailed information on how and for what purposes these waqfs were establshed, as weel as the methods of endowing property, assets and money.

Examining Studies on the Acceptance Processes of Parents of Children with Special Needs

Hasan Tahsin YAZICI — 2026-07-16

This research aims to examine academic studies conducted between 2000 and 2024 on the admission processes of parents of children with special needs in Turkey. The focus of the research is on the psychological, economic, and social challenges parents experience during this process; their coping strategies; and the support mechanisms they require. The study, conducted using document analysis, examined master's and doctoral theses obtained from the YÖK-Tez, ULAKBİM, Google Scholar, and Dergipark databases, as well as articles published in peer-reviewed journals. The findings revealed that academic production in the field has fluctuated over the years, and that these fluctuations are linked to public awareness and academic agendas. It was observed that academic studies were disrupted, particularly in 2020 and 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A review of the study methods reveals that quantitative methods are preferred in theses, while qualitative methods are preferred in articles. However, it is emphasized that the use of mixed research methods should be increased for a more holistic and in-depth examination of a multi-layered issue such as disability. Analyses demonstrate that special needs is an interdisciplinary field encompassing not only education and psychology but also social, cultural, and ethical dimensions. However, it has been determined that some types of disabilities are underrepresented in research, and that societal roles influence the selection of research topics. Future research aims to utilize larger samples and interdisciplinary approaches to more comprehensively address the needs of children with special needs and their families. This, it is hoped, will contribute to a more equitable and inclusive scientific production process.

Batı Afrika’da İslam’ın Yayılma Faktörleri: Mali Örneği

Mohamed DİALLO — 2026-07-16

This study examines the spread of Islam in West Africa, focusing on the region as a prominent example of the development of Islamic propagation on the African continent. The research aims to understand how Islam became a fundamental component of the cultural and social identity of West African peoples. Relying on credible historical sources, the study seeks to elucidate the historical and social dynamics that shaped the trajectory of Islam from its initial entry to its establishment as a major civilizational force. The research explores the various pathways through which Islam entered the region. Initially, during the eighth and ninth centuries, peaceful penetration occurred through trade and religious propagation, with North African Muslim traders playing a pivotal role in spreading the religion non-violently by utilizing trans-Saharan routes. Subsequently, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, reformist jihad movements led by local scholars and fighters, such as the Almoravids, extended the reach of religious emissaries to distant areas. Finally, the practice of pilgrimage (Hajj) and cultural, religious, and social factors significantly contributed to the entrenchment of Islamic faith in these societies. For instance, the commitment of rulers of Islamic states, such as Mali’s King Mansa Musa, to performing the Hajj strengthened ties with the broader Islamic world. Additionally, the study investigates the various mechanisms that facilitated Islam’s spread. Trade, particularly the “silent trade” with southern Morocco, laid the groundwork for Islam’s expansion. Migration transported scholars and preachers, while education was disseminated through schools and mosques. Sufi orders, such as the Qadiriyya and Tijaniyya, spread to remote villages and resisted European expansion in the nineteenth century. Lastly, the research highlights the profound impact of Islam on West Africa’s political, social, and cultural framework. This influence led to the unification of tribes, the establishment of governance systems based on Sharia, and the blending of local traditions with Islamic values, resulting in a unique identity that integrates faith with African heritage.

Evaluation of the Effects of Today’s Intensive Migration and Demographic Mobility towards Tekirdağ Province

Berkant ÜNALZiya İNCE — 2026-07-16

In this study, Tekirdağ city, which is one of the most advantageous places in the Thrace region in terms of geographical location and has managed to attract the society with migration, is examined. Migration refers to the demographic mobility that has continued until today and will continue in the future in line with the wishes and needs as a displacement movement initiated by living things since ancient times. Tekirdağ city, which is the research area, has been one of the settlements where spatial change has been observed the most by urbanizing rapidly since the 1950s until today. In the research, the temporal and spatial change of the population of Tekirdağ city with migration is analyzed under a geographical perspective. Qualitative research approach was preferred and the data were interpreted with descriptive and relational analysis methods in order to explain the population and migration issues in a more understandable way. A case study design was used in the research design. According to the census data obtained, the results obtained about the change in the population over the years, spatial and temporal distribution, dense and sparse areas, age and gender structure were evaluated with the help of graphs, tables and various photographs where the old and new appearance of the city can be compared. In addition to its geographical location, Tekirdağ's geographical location, being at the key point of transportation routes, having ports to support its commercial potential and carrying out agricultural activities have increased employment opportunities and caused extra migration to be added to the existing population. In this research, it has been observed that migration to Tekirdağ has had positive effects on the development of the city. However, contrary to the positive effects, the deterioration in the texture-sociological structure of the city and the extreme increases in housing and land prices are evaluated as negative effects.

Sustainability, Environment and Zero Impact in the Olympic Games

Kübra TOKÖZGamze GÜNEY — 2026-07-16

The concept of sustainability was first articulated in 1987 in the “Our Common Future” report published by the World Commission on Environment and Development as the ability to sustain the ecosystem we live in without depleting it, without over-exploiting it, and without over-exploiting key resources. Sustainable development is often stated to have three dimensions. These are economic sustainability, social sustainability and environmental sustainability. Sustainability is a term often associated with environmental practices. Sport organizations have a profound impact on the environment. Likewise, the environment significantly influences sports activities. This relationship between sport and the environment should be considered within the framework of mutual interaction and it should be taken into account that while sport activities are affected by environmental factors, they also create transformational effects on the ecosystem (McCullough, Orr, & Kellison, 2020). It is accepted that sport organizations lead to environmental degradation. This situation reveals the importance of environmental sustainability for sports organizations today and the fact that its implementation is a necessity. In the context of the Olympic Games, sustainability seems to focus more on the environment. Therefore, in this research, we have limited the relationship of sustainable development with sport to the “environment” dimension. In particular, we have tried to evaluate the extent to which sustainability has been developed in Olympic events. This study is a literature review under the title "Sustainability in the Olympic Games." A sustainable future must be built to mitigate the risks posed by sports organizations and minimize their resource consumption. With this responsibility, we aim to raise awareness and contribute another study to the literature.

New Trends in the Education-Employment Relationship: Digital and Green Transformation

Yalın KILIÇ — 2026-07-16

This article examines the relationship between education and employment within the context of digital and green transitions. Using positive and normative approaches, it discusses how education systems can adapt to the needs of the labour market. It highlights how digitalisation and automation are transforming traditional professions and increasing the importance of STEM skills and digital literacy. Additionally, it addresses the new employment opportunities created by the green transition and the integration of education programmes into this process. The article argues that education policies should be designed to equip individuals with both technical skills and social competencies such as critical thinking. It concludes that public-private partnerships and lifelong learning programmes will play a key role in this transformation.

8th Grade Students' Opınıons On The Problems They Encountered When Learnıng The Four Basıc Language Skılls In The Englısh Course

Enver ESERLİGülay EKİCİ — 2026-07-16

In this study, the opinions of 8th grade secondary school students about the problems they encountered while learning four basic language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking,) in the English class were examined.The research was conducted using the case study design within the scope of quantitative research. The study group of the research consisted of 41 students studying in the 8th grade of Ülkü Secondary School, selected through purposeful sampling in the 2022-2023 academic year in Yenice district of Karabük province. The data of the research were collected with the 'English Course 8th Grade Curriculum Four Basic Language Skills Scale' developed by the authors. Since the scale was created by translating the Ministry of National Education [1]secondary school 8th grade English course curriculum outcomes from English to Turkish, only its construct validity and reliability were examined and it was determined that it met the proficiency. Data analysis of the research was conducted using descriptive and content analysis methods. According to the results of the research, students reported that they had difficulty in reading comprehension because they did not know the meanings of the words in the reading skill area. In the writing skill area, they experienced problems with spelling due to the difference between spelling and pronunciation in English. In the listening skill area, they mentioned that they could not understand listening texts due to the listening material and the speaker's pronunciation. In the speaking skill area, they indicated that they could not pronounce English words correctly and faced difficulties due to a lack of vocabulary and English grammar knowledge. According to the results of the students' ability to acquire the four basic language skills of the 10 units in the 8th grade English course curriculum of the Ministry of Education (2018), it was determined that they were generally good in the acquisition of reading skills, but they encountered problems in the achievements of writing, listening and speaking skills.

Evaluation of Findings on the Relative Dating of Block Streams in the Karagöl Mountains Using the Schmidt Hammer Exposure Age Dating Method

Soner SERİNVolkan DEDE ,Cihan BAYRAKDAR — 2026-07-16

The Schmidt hammer is attractive not only for providing data on rock hardness grades but also as a relative dating method using statistical equations and formulas. The method offers the possibility of rapid, non-destructive, and in-situ assessment of rock mechanical parameters, is less costly than sample collection and laboratory tests, and allows for relative dating by correlating rebound (R) values with calibration curves and known surface exposure ages. The aim of the study is to create a chronology for the development processes of periglacial landforms, along with dating based on the Schmidt hammer age determination. Accordingly, this dating method, which is limited in Türkiye, creates a comparable dataset for the Karagöl Mountains, specifically in terms of periglacial geomorphology, as well as for the Eastern Black Sea Mountains and the Anatolian Mountains for the first time. In this study, sites with similar lithological properties were chosen for control rocks (moraines) and test rocks (block flows) in order to obtain consistent rebound (R) values. In the study, a two-point control analysis equation was used for dating. The control points were obtained from two moraine rocks, the oldest and the youngest, located in the Kaçkar Mountains on the Eastern Black Sea Mountains, from the glaciated area along the Kavron Glacier Valley, based on the results of previous cosmogenic ¹⁰Be surface age dating. The test rocks for dating were selected from block streams that developed in the Karagöl Mountains along with periglacial processes. The results obtained from two well-developed block streams in the Karagöl Mountains (measurements were taken from the tongue, middle, and root sections) were found to range from 2.09 ± 1.8 ka to 6.92 ± 1.7 ka. These findings suggest that the study area was affected by short-term cold climate oscillations that were prevalent 8.2 ka. These findings are particularly important for understanding the timing of periglacial processes and the vitality of activity. However, the relative age distribution obtained by the Schmidt method in the Karagöl Mountains (approximately in the range of 2-7 ka) shows general consistency with the post-glacial and Holocene climate chronology of Anatolia.

The Art of Henry Moore: Its Psychological and Aesthetic Depths

Eylem PEYNİRCİCeyhun KONAK — 2026-07-16

This article analyzes the art of Henry Moore, a pioneer of 20th-century modernist aesthetics, through psychological and aesthetic dimensions. Moore’s works prominently feature organic forms, human figures, and symbolism, with a noticeable influence of Freudian and Jungian psychoanalytic theories. The theme of "Mother and Child" and the interplay between void and mass hold a central place in Moore’s artistic expression. The artist’s ability to merge the traumatic impacts of war with the creative force of nature is emphasized as a significant contribution to contemporary art. Moore’s innovative language and aesthetic approach in modern sculpture have had a transformative impact on both the artistic codes of his era and the evolution of contemporary art.

Integration of Mathematical Methods and Technology Adaptation in Accounting Processes: A Model Development Approach

İlkay Ejder ERTURAN — 2026-07-16

This study aims to examine the contributions of integrating mathematical methods and technological adaptation to financial reporting processes in accounting. The research employed a literature review method, evaluating databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and DergiPark. Keywords including “accounting,” “mathematical methods,” “financial analysis,” “statistical models,” and “quantitative methods” were used in the search. The scope of the study was limited to articles, theses, and book chapters published between 2000 and 2024 in Turkish and English. In the initial stage, 132 studies were identified; after eliminating duplicates and irrelevant works, 72 studies were examined in detail, and ultimately, 45 sources focusing directly on the applications of mathematical methods in accounting processes were analyzed. The findings indicate that the integration of statistical, mathematical, and probability-based methods into accounting processes enhances accuracy, speed, and reliability in financial reporting. The study not only compiles existing literature but also provides a holistic evaluation of different methods, offering methodological contributions for academics and an analytical roadmap for practitioners. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the integration of technological infrastructure and mathematical methods enables the development of a flexible and updatable model that meets sectoral needs, and it proposes a sample model accordingly.

The Relationship Between Pre-service Teachers’ Anxiety About Unemployment and Their Psychological Well-Being, Life Satisfaction, and Attitudes Toward the Teaching Profession

Hüseyin AKAR — 2026-07-16

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between pre-service teachers’ anxiety about unemployment and their psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and attitudes toward the teaching profession. For this purpose, a correlational research design was employed. The sample of the study consisted of 345 pre-service teachers who were studying at the faculty of education of a public university located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research. The data were collected using the The Anxiety of Pre-service Teachers’ Not To Be Appointed To Teachership Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Attitude Toward the Teaching Profession Scale, and a Personal Information Form. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation, as well as correlation and regression analysis techniques, were used. According to the findings of the study, pre-service teachers experience a high level of anxiety about unemployment. Additionally, while their levels of psychological well-being and attitudes toward the teaching profession are high, their level of life satisfaction is moderate. There is a significant negative relationship between pre-service teachers’ anxiety about unemployment and their psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and attitudes toward the teaching profession. Unemployment anxiety significantly predicts pre-service teachers’ psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and attitudes toward the teaching profession. Specifically, unemployment anxiety explains 8% of the variance in psychological well-being, 13% of the variance in life satisfaction, and 2% of the variance in attitudes toward the teaching profession. Universities may consider providing psychological support to pre-service teachers or organizing training programs to enhance their motivation for teaching and academic achievement.

Reflection of the “Three Beauties” Myth in Art Through Examples

Fahrettin GEÇEN Banu DAVUN — 2026-07-16

The aim of this research is to present a study demonstrating the effects of the mythological theme of the “Three Graces” in various art fields and art history. This research covers four works that include mythological paintings with the theme of “Three Graces” made during certain periods. The “Three Graces,” an important myth in ancient Greek mythology, are seen as symbols of beauty, joy, and grace. The “Three Graces” are the goddesses Aglaea, Euphrosyne, and Thalia. This research also attempts to examine the impact of this myth on art, artists, and periods. The research was conducted using qualitative research methods, and a literature review was conducted to access data. Four works by different artists representing the “Three Graces” myth were used as samples in the research. The limitations of the research are the Three Graces myth and the paintings by four artists. The results of the research show that the work “Three Beauties” displays an aesthetic appearance in terms of its formal appearance and that, despite their different poses, it is constructed in a dynamic, balanced, and harmonious way in terms of composition. Conceptually, it was considered that the Three Beauties, being depicted together in terms of both beauty and divine power, represent a conscious union of power.

The Effect Of Flipped Learning Model On Students' Academic Achievement, Motivation And Retention In Primary School Social Studies Course

Gamze KAYASoner ALADAĞ — 2026-07-16

In this research, aims to examine the impact of the flipped learning model in elementary Social Studies classes on students' academic achievement, motivation, and learning retention. The method of the research was determined as a quasi-experimental design with pre-test post-test control group among quantitative research methods. The study group consists of fourth-grade students attending a primary school in the Efeler district of Aydın province during the 2022-2023 academic year. The study group consists of a total of 44 students, with 22 in the experimental group and 22 in the control group selected using non-random sampling methods. The data of the study were obtained using an "Academic Achievement Test" and "Academic Motivation Scale" developed by the researcher. As a result of the study, it was found that there was a statistically significant increase in the academic achievement and motivation levels of students in the experimental group where the flipped learning model was applied compared to the control group where the current curriculum program was implemented. Additionally, it was revealed that learning retention was significantly in favor of the students in the experimental group. This research concluded that the implementation of the flipped learning model in elementary Social Studies classes enhances academic achievement, increases student motivation levels, and ensures learning retention. The flipped learning model is recommended for improving students' academic achievements, motivation towards the subject and learning retention.